![]() ![]() With its adoption (in slightly modified form) by the German Navy in 1926 and the German Army and Air Force soon after, the name Enigma became widely known in military circles. Japanese and Italian models were also in use. The German firm Scherbius & Ritter, co-founded by Arthur Scherbius, patented ideas for a cipher machine in 1918 and began marketing the finished product under the brand name Enigma in 1923, initially targeted at commercial markets.Įarly models were used commercially from the early 1920s, and adopted by military and government services of several countries, most notably before and during.Several different Enigma models were produced, but the models, having a, were the most complex. Many commentators say the flow of from Ultra's decryption of Enigma, and other ciphers shortened the war significantly and may even have altered its outcome.Ĭontents.History Enigma was invented by the German engineer at the end of. While Germany introduced a series of improvements to Enigma, and these hampered decryption efforts to varying degrees, they did not ultimately prevent Britain and its allies from exploiting Enigma-encoded messages as a major source of intelligence during the war. The receiving station has to know and use the exact settings employed by the transmitting station to successfully decrypt a message.As used in practice, the Enigma encryption proved vulnerable to attacks by Germany's adversaries, at first Polish and French intelligence and, later, a massive effort mounted by the United Kingdom at as part of the program. The security of the system depends on Enigma machine settings that were changed daily, based on secret key lists distributed in advance, and on other settings that change for each message. The rotor mechanism changes the electrical connections between the keys and the lights with each keypress. Entering ciphertext transforms it back into readable plaintext. If plain text is entered, the lit-up letters are the encoded. In typical use, one person enters text on the Enigma's keyboard and another person writes down which of 26 lights above the keyboard lights up at each key press. It was employed extensively by during, in all branches of the German military.Enigma has an electromechanical that scrambles the 26 letters of the alphabet. The Enigma machine is an device developed and used in the early- to mid-20th century to protect commercial, diplomatic and military communication. In the last part of the paper, the results of the respondents’ phraseological competency in the field of biblical phraseology (knowledge and usage) are confronted with the results of the respondents’ cultural competency exemplified (based on their background knowledge and broader cultural understanding) by their ability to identify the biblical origins of the discussed phrasemes. The comparative Slovak-Czech dimension enables to register the convergent as well as divergent reactions of the users of two culturally and linguistically closely related communities which come to the forefront in both the intragenerational and crossgenerational aspect. On the sample of 80 phrasemes of the biblical origin (their equivalents in Slovak and Czech languages) we reflect on the level of their knowledge and communicative usage by the representatives of the contemporary generationally diversified (seniors – middle generation – young generation) users of Slovak and Czech languages. ![]() AbstractThis paper presents the results of the conducted sociolinguistic research of the knowledge of biblical phraseology in the Slovak-Czech context. ![]()
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